After that the flaps are lifted, if they have been used for takeoff, and the wheels retracted in an aircraft which has retractable wheels. Both of these introduce drag, something which is not wanted when flying. The pilot can then set his first heading, climb to the height required, and set the power for the cruise.
His flight has begun! Sometimes the takeoff procedure is done in a slightly different way. This may be because the runway is very short, usually at a rather small airfield, or because the ground is soft if the airfield has grass runways. As short field takeoff begins with a calculation as to whether takeoff is even possible for that particular type of airplane in the current conditions. If not, it should not even be attempted. There are different techniques for short field takeoffs, but usually a small amount of flap is used, and the aircraft is lined up as far back towards the end of the runway as possible, so that the maximum space is available.
Then the aircraft is increased to full power before the takeoff roll is commenced, by the pilot holding it on the brakes. This means it can accelerate to the climb speed in as short a space as possible. Once the aircraft reaches the best speed for lift-off, it allowed to leave the ground and climb at the best angle to enable it to clear any obstacles on the ground.
The angle of climb can then be reduced, so that the aircraft is climbing at the best rate of climb, as is done after a normal takeoff. For a soft field takeoff, the pilot should try not to come to a halt on the runway, but to commence the takeoff roll immediately after taxi-ing. This is to try to ensure that the airplane does not stick in mud, ice, or whatever is causing the field to be soft.
After this the pilot takes off as normal, but at as slow a speed as possible, holding the aircraft in ground effect until it reaches a safe flying speed. The aim is to spend as little time on the soft ground as possible, while ensuring the takeoff is safe. As should be clear by now, the takeoff is an important part of flying. It is usually not difficult, but there are many things which can go wrong. So the takeoff should be treated with care and caution to ensure a safe flight. Pilot Institute may earn commission from sales that happen when you click on links.
We are a member of the Amazon Affiliate Program. Subscribe now and get a weekly video sent to your inbox on various drone topics hosted by Greg. Sign me up for the newsletter! Blog Exclusive articles on drones and airplanes. As it flies, a plane is in the center of four forces. Lift upward force and thrust forward push, provided by a propeller get a plane into the air.
Gravity and drag air resistance, which is friction caused by air rubbing against the plane try to pull the plane down and slow its speed. A plane must be built so that lift and thrust are stronger than the pull of gravity and drag by just the right amount.
Lift from the wings is used to overcome the force of gravity. It has molecules which are constantly moving. Air pressure is created by the molecules moving around. Moving air has a force that will lift kites and balloons up and down. Air is a mixture of different gases; oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. All things that fly need air. Air has power to push and pull on the birds, balloons, kites and planes.
In , Evagelista Torricelli discovered that air has weight. When experimenting with measuring mercury, he discovered that air put pressure on the mercury.
Francesco Lana used this discovery to begin to plan for an airship in the late s. He drew an airship on paper that used the idea that air has weight. The ship was a hollow sphere which would have the air taken out of it. Once the air was removed, the sphere would have less weight and would be able to float up into the air. Each of four spheres would be attached to a boat-like structure and then the whole machine would float. The actual design was never tried. Hot air expands and spreads out and it becomes lighter than cool air.
When a balloon is full of hot air it rises up because the hot air expands inside the balloon. When the hot air cools and is let out of the balloon the balloon comes back down. Airplane wings are shaped to make air move faster over the top of the wing. When air moves faster, the pressure of the air decreases.
So the pressure on the top of the wing is less than the pressure on the bottom of the wing. The difference in pressure creates a force on the wing that lifts the wing up into the air. Here is a simple computer simulation that you can use to explore how wings make lift. Laws of Motion Sir Isaac Newton proposed three laws of motion in These Laws of Motion help to explain how a planes flies. If an object is not moving, it will not start moving by itself.
In short, pilots like to take off into a headwind because it helps them achieve "wheels up" faster. Contrary to what you might have thought the last time you sat on a plane that taxied for 20 minutes, airports lay out their runways—not to drive you crazy—but to capitalize on the physics of flight.
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