Her father was a math professor, but it must have seemed unlikely to a young Noether that she would follow in his footsteps. At the time, few women took classes at German universities, and when they did they could only audit them. Teaching at a university was out of the question. But in — a few years after Noether graduated from a high school for girls — Erlangen University started to let women enroll. Noether signed up and eventually earned her doctorate in mathematics there.
That doctorate should have been the end of her mathematical career. At the time, women were still not allowed to teach at universities in Germany. But Noether stuck with mathematics anyway, staying in Erlangen and unofficially supervising doctoral students without pay. The dean at the university, also a mathematician, was in favor of hiring Noether, although his argument was far from feminist. Unfortunately for Noether, the Prussian Ministry of Education would not give the university permission to have a woman on their faculty, no matter how talented.
During those years, she kept doing research. And Noether realized that it could influence other parts of maths. Before Noether, topologists had been counting holes in doughnuts; she brought to bear the full power of her structures to create something called algebraic topology.
The results that Noether published years ago were, for her, a rare foray into physics, in which she was not particularly interested. Albert Einstein had just developed his general theory of relativity, and was struggling to understand how energy fitted into his equations. Hilbert and Klein were working on it, too, and asked Noether for help.
That she did help is an understatement. Noether Nachr. As well as answering a conundrum in general relativity, this theorem became a guiding principle for the discovery of new physical laws. For example, researchers soon realized that the conservation of net electric charge — which can neither be created nor destroyed — is intimately related to the rotational symmetry of a plane around a point.
In reality, she was an assertive personality, recognized leader and the first female plenary speaker at the renowned International Congress of Mathematicians. Too few leading female mathematicians receive the recognition they deserve.
More people should know — and should celebrate — one who changed the scientific world against the odds. News Feature 10 NOV Correspondence 09 NOV Article 03 NOV Article 10 NOV These students traveled from as far as Russia to study with her. Noether was a warm person who cared deeply about her students. She considered her students to be like family and was always willing to listen to their problems. Her teaching style was very difficult to follow, but those who caught on to her fast style became loyal followers.
Noether's teaching method led her students to come up with ideas of their own, and many went on to become great mathematicians themselves. Many credited Noether for her part in teaching them to teach themselves. Peace-loving Noether was soon to wish for peace again. In , Hitler and the Nazis came into power in Germany. The Nazis demanded that all Jews be thrown out of the universities. Noether's brother, Fritz, was also a professor at the time.
Offered a teaching position in Siberia, he moved his family there. Even though friends tried to get Emmy a position at the University of Moscow, she opted to move to the United States, where Bryn Mawr College offered her a position teaching.
The appointment of Noether was made possible by a gift from the Institute of International Education and the Rockefeller Foundation. Emmy Noether taught at Bryn Mawr College until her death in Teaching at a women's college was very different for Noether. For the first time, she had colleagues that were women. Anna Pell Wheeler, another woman mathematician, was the head of the department at Bryn Mawr, and became a great friend of Noether. Wheeler understood about how Emmy had to struggle to have a career in mathematics in Germany, and about being uprooted from her homeland.
Noether was still a caring and compassionate teacher. She kept up her charismatic teaching style, often lapsing into German if she was having trouble getting her ideas across to the students. Noether's death in surprised nearly everyone, as she had told only her closest friends of her illness. Emmy Noether made many contributions to the field of mathematics. She spent her time studying abstract algebra, with special attention to rings, groups, and fields. Because of her unique look on topics, she was able to see relationships that traditional algebra experts could not.
She published over 40 papers in her lifetime. She was also a teacher who was able to inspire her students to make their own contributions to the field of mathematics. April, References Angier, Natalie. Available online March 26, Noether, Gottfried. Noether, Emiliana Pasca.
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